[10-20 18:10:12] 来源：http://www.67xuexi.com 高二英语 阅读：85595次
8. By doing this, he set all example to the rest sections of the world. 他以此给世界其他地区树立了榜样。(P.28 第三段 第1－2行)
★ by为介词，表示方式、方法、手法，现将其用法归纳如下：
(1) by + n. (名词前无冠词)。如：by mail / post / fax / radio / telephone / telegraph / telegram...
(2) by + doing结构。如：by increasing／speaking／teaching／begging... He earns his living by teaching. 他以教书为主。The six blind men made their living by begging. 那6个盲人靠要饭为生。
(3) by + n. (表交通路线、工具的名词)。如：by land／road／rail／train／bus／jeep／car／taxi／truck／bike; by sea／water／ship／boat; by air／plane
(4) by + n. (表面积、体积等的名词)。如：by area / volume / weight / length / width / height / depth...
(5) by + the + n. (表度量衡的名词)。如：by the hour / day / week / month / year / kilogram / yard / metre...
In England, sugar is sold by the pound, eggs by the dozen and cloth by the yard. 在英国，糖是按磅卖，蛋是按打卖，布是按码卖。
▲by和with都可以用来表示某人如何做某事，但这两个词之间有重要区别：by用于表示动作或方式，后跟动名词或抽象名词；而with 通常表示用的是什么工具或其他具体的东西。试比较： ① I killed the spider by hitting it. 我拍死了蜘蛛。(动作) ② I killed the spider with a notebook. 我用笔记本把蜘蛛打死了。(工具) ③ He got what he wanted by talking cleverly. 他由于说话灵巧而得到了他想要的东西。(动作) ④ He got what he wrested with flowers and chocolates. 他靠鲜花和巧克力得到了他想得到的东西。(具体的东西) ⑤ The street is lighted by electricity. 街道用电照明。(方式) ⑥ The street is lighted with lights.街道用电灯照明。(工具)
▲在被动语态的句子中，by表示执行动作的人或东西，with表示所用的工具。试比较下列句子：① Tile bird was killed by a cat. 那只吗是被猫弄死的。(猫是动作执行者) ② The bird was killed with a stone. 那只鸟是用石头打死的。(未说明执行者) ③ He was killed by a heart stone. (A stone fell and killed him.) 他被一块大石头砸死了。④ He was killed with a heavy stone. (someone used a stone to kill him.) 他是被人用石头砸死的。
★ rest意为"其余的人"或"剩余物"，与定冠词连用，作主语时如代表复数名词，则谓语动词要用复数形式，如代表不可数名词，则谓语动词用单数形式。如：① These are mine; Robert, the rest are yours. 这些是我的，罗伯特，剩下的是你的。② Mary and Beth will go to the movies and the rest of the girls are to go shopping. 玛丽和贝思要去看电影，其余的女孩则要去购物。③ One of the books is written in Chinese, and the rest are English. 那些书中有一本是中文的，其余都是英文的。④ Only 55 percent of the raw material is canned. The rest is thrown away, or fed to cows.只有55％的原材料做了成罐头，其余的不是扔了就是成了牛的饲料。
9. His message was that black people should not be separated but should be treated with respect in the same way as other people. 他的理想是黑人不应该被分隔开，应该像其他人一样受到尊重。(P.28 第三段 第2－3行)
★本句中的表语从句中的动词用的是虚拟语气，当表示"要求..." "建 议""命令"这类意义的名词作主语时，其后的名词性从句应该用虚拟语气，动词形式为"should + 动词原形"或直接用动词原形，这类名词常见的有sug- gestion， proposal，demand，request，order，requirement，advice，idea等。如： ① The workers' requirement was that their working conditions be improved. 工人们的要求是他们的工作条件应得到改善。② Our decision is that the school (should) remain closed. 我们的决定是学校暂不开学。③ Sophia's idea was that they should lock up the home. 索菲娅的想法是把大门锁起来。④ Her suggestion was that they carry on their conversation in French.她的建议是他们用法语对话。
【注】上述例句①－④均是表语从句，下面是这类名词后的同位语从句，谓语动词也用"should+动词原形"或直接用动词原形。⑤ They were faced with the demand that this tax (should) be abolished.他们面对着废除这个税的要求。⑥ They expressed the wish that she (should) accept the award. 他们表示希望她接受这笔奖金。⑦ What do you think of the proposal that we (should) put on a play at the English evening? 你觉得要我们在英语晚会上演一个剧的建议怎么样? ⑧ The boss didn't accept the workers demand that their pay (should) be raised, so the strike went on.老板没有接受工人们增加工资的要求，所以罢工仍在继续。
★ the same...as... 意为"和......相同的"，在这个结构中，as为关系代词，引导定语从句，在从句中，as可作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时，as也不能省略。如：①This is the same person as we talked about yesterday. 这就是我们昨天谈论过的那个人。② Mary wears the same kind of glasses as Helen does. 玛丽戴着海伦常戴的那种眼镜。③ You have the same opinion as I have. 你的观点和我的观点是一样的。④ He gave the same answer as I did. 他给的答案和我的一样。
【注】as还可以和such，so，as连用，构成定语从句。如：① They visited such places as they wanted to. 他们游览了想要游览的地方。② Such books as you have ale sold out. 你有的那种书已卖完了。③ Let's discuss only such questions as we are all interested in. 让我们只讨论我们感兴趣的问题。④ I felt a weight at my heart such as I had never had before.我感到心中有一种从未有过的沉重。⑤ Here is so heavy a stone as no one call remove.这里有一块重得没有人能移动的石头。⑥ The picture was so beautiful as drew many people's attention.这幅画太美了，吸引了很多人的注意力。⑦ Have you ever seen such beautiful gold fish as I bought yesterday? 你可曾见过像我昨天买的一样美的金鱼吗? ⑧ You will see as many children as come. 你将见到所有到来的孩子们。
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